The origins of humans keeping animals as pets are shrouded in mystery. Canine companions, commonly known as "man's best friend," have been present since prehistoric times. Alongside dogs, cats, horses, and various other animals have also become indispensable to humans, playing significant roles in the proliferation of our species. However, there is a potential obstacle that could separate these beloved furry friends from people and pet owners: pet dander allergies.

According to the American Pet Products Association (APPA), statistics reveal a deep affection for pets among Americans. Approximately 68% of US households, which translates to around 85 million homes, have pets. Since cats and dogs are the most common pets, the issue of pet dander becomes a concern for the millions of pet owners who experience allergies to their beloved animal companions.

What is the definition of pet dander?

While pet allergies are commonly associated with pet hair, it's important to note that the hair or fur itself is not the main culprit. This is where pet dander enters the picture. The term "dander" refers to the tiny skin flakes shed by animals with fur or feathers. These flakes contain certain proteins secreted by oil glands, which can exacerbate allergies. These proteins, known as pet allergens, are responsible for triggering allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

It's worth noting that pet allergens are not solely derived from pet dander. They can also be found in urine and pet saliva. When pets groom themselves by licking, the saliva can adhere to their fur. When the saliva dries, it can become airborne and carry the allergens with it, further contributing to allergic reactions.

Dog dander

According to a pet ownership survey conducted in 2017, there are approximately 90 million pet dogs in the United States. Consequently, there is a substantial amount of dog dander present within American households. Dog dander and saliva contain specific proteins that are known to cause allergies. One of the primary allergens associated with dogs is a protein called Can f 1, which approximately 70% of individuals with dog allergies are allergic to, as reported by Zahradnik and Raulf in 2014. Despite the widespread notion of "hypoallergenic" dogs, it is important to recognize that there is no breed that is completely free of allergens or guarantees an allergy-free experience.

Cat dander

Despite there being a higher number of owned dogs than cats in the United States, statistics from the American Lung Association indicate that approximately twice as many people report being allergic to cats compared to dogs. While cat dander serves as a source of numerous allergens, the primary allergen is known as Fel d 1. This protein has been extensively studied in terms of its molecular structure, how it disperses in the environment, and the mechanisms by which exposure to it can result in allergic reactions.

Dander from horses, guinea pigs, and other animals

Pet allergies are not limited to cats and dogs alone. Other domesticated animals with fur or feathers can also shed dander and trigger allergic reactions. This includes a range of pets such as horses, guinea pigs, rabbits, hamsters, and birds. These animals, like cats and dogs, have the potential to elicit allergic responses in susceptible individuals due to the presence of dander.

Pet dander allergy

These allergy-causing proteins can become a source of indoor air pollution through airborne transmission. Pet allergens hitch a ride on tiny particles and, when inhaled, can potentially trigger allergic reactions. According to the American Lung Association (ALA), pet allergens have a propensity to adhere to various surfaces such as furniture, bedding, and other fabrics due to their microscopic size and spiky structure. These allergens are exceedingly lightweight and minuscule, allowing them to remain suspended in the air for extended periods of time.

When the seemingly innocuous, minuscule skin flakes from your beloved furry companions turn into a health concern, it may indicate pet dander allergies. For individuals who are allergic or whose asthma symptoms are aggravated by it, pet dander can pose a significant health problem. Those who have allergies to pet dander may experience respiratory symptoms or develop a rash in response to exposure.

According to information provided by the Mayo Clinic, nasal and respiratory symptoms associated with pet allergies may include, but are not limited to:

Sneezing and a runny nose

Itchy, red, or watery eyes

Nasal congestion, potentially leading to facial pain

Coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and wheezing

In addition to respiratory symptoms, some individuals may also experience skin-related issues, such as a pet dander rash. This condition, known as allergic dermatitis, can manifest as raised, red patches of skin (hives), eczema, and itchy skin.

When faced with respiratory or skin symptoms caused by pet dander, medical professionals often recommend removing the pet from the home. However, what if you are allergic but cannot bear to part with your beloved pets? Fortunately, there are potential solutions that may offer some relief.

How to reduce pet dander exposure

In American households, there is an estimated population of 184 million cats and dogs, which implies that there are millions of pet enthusiasts who are allergic to these animals but refuse to part ways with them. For those who are successfully navigating the challenge of keeping pets despite their allergies, here are some methods that can help improve the situation.

How long does pet dander last in a home

One characteristic of pet dander is its long-lasting nature. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), pet allergens can remain in the air and cling to carpets and furniture for weeks or even months after a pet has been removed from the home.

Interestingly, pet allergens can also be found in public buildings and schools where there are no pets present. This is because pet dander is easily transported on clothing, has a strong affinity for surfaces, and can become airborne due to its tiny size (Zahradnik & Raulf, 2014).

For pet owners who are allergic but unwilling to part with their beloved pets, there are some potential solutions to reduce pet dander in the home, although it is not possible to completely eliminate it.

Ongoing preventive strategies

To effectively manage pet dander allergies, it is crucial to maintain a consistent routine. Consider implementing the following preventive strategies, if feasible:

Avoid keeping pets in your bedroom, as tempting as it may be to have them by your side day and night.

Designate pet-free areas in your home, particularly those without carpeted floors or upholstered furniture where pet dander and allergens can accumulate.

Bathe your pets regularly, ideally on a weekly basis, to remove dander and other allergen sources such as dried saliva.

Vacuum frequently, as pet dander and allergens tend to collect in dust and carpets.

Enlist the help of a friend or family member who does not have allergies to brush your pet outdoors on a regular basis.

Clean your home regularly to eliminate pet allergens from surfaces.

Launder clothing and bedding frequently to remove pet dander and other allergens.

Consider using impermeable or allergen-proof mattress and pillow covers.

If necessary, consult with an allergist or immunologist for a proper diagnosis of your pet allergy and to explore appropriate treatment options.

By implementing these preventive measures and seeking professional guidance, you can better manage pet dander allergies and reduce their impact on your daily life.

Medication for pet allergies

While not intended for prolonged use, over-the-counter antihistamines and other allergy medications can provide temporary relief from symptoms, according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI).

For individuals with allergies to pet dander and allergens, a long-term treatment option known as immunotherapy, or allergy shots, may be beneficial. This involves receiving regular injections of small, gradually increasing amounts of pet allergens to help the body develop tolerance over time. Immunotherapy aims to reduce the severity of allergic reactions and potentially alleviate symptoms in the long run.

Other remedies: Cat dander treatment

Despite the availability of various pet dander sprays, it is important to note that their effectiveness may not be supported by substantial evidence. In this case, a trial-and-error approach is often necessary. Scientific studies investigating these sprays are limited, but one study specifically examined the efficacy of a cat dander spray called Allerpet-C. The results indicated that there was no significant reduction in the levels of the cat allergen Fel d 1 in the air samples collected during the study (Klucka et al., 1995).

Pet dander and air purifiers

Certain pet allergens have the ability to hitch a ride on minuscule dust particles ranging from 1 to 20 micrometers in size. Additionally, some of these allergens are even smaller, measuring less than 5 micrometers, and can remain suspended in the air for extended durations (Zahradnik & Raulf, 2014). The aerodynamic properties of pet dander and pet allergens, combined with their ability to adhere to fabrics, carpets, and upholstered furniture, make it highly likely for them to be present in the indoor air of households with pets.

Once cleaning and other preventive measures have been implemented, pet owners may want to consider using an air purifier as an additional step. Despite thorough household cleaning and regular grooming, it is difficult to completely eliminate all pet dander. An air purifier can help by removing inhalable particles that enter the nose and lungs, which can potentially trigger allergic reactions. By using an air purifier, pet owners can improve the air quality in their homes and reduce the presence of allergens.

Individuals with pet allergies often need to acknowledge the challenges of having a pet in their home. However, if the conditions are manageable and there is no significant health risk, particularly for those with asthma, it is possible to enhance the quality of life while coexisting with furry companions. By heeding the advice of researchers, physicians, and experienced pet owners, you can take steps to create a more enjoyable living environment. Implementing the aforementioned strategies can enable you to better appreciate your time at home with your beloved family, both the two-legged and four-legged members.